Damages in a personal injury case break into two categories. Economic damages are quantifiable financial losses: medical bills (past and future), lost wages, lost earning capacity, property damage, out-of-pocket costs. Each has a documented dollar figure.
Non-economic damages compensate for losses that don't have a price tag: pain, suffering, emotional distress, loss of enjoyment of life, loss of consortium (for a spouse). These are calculated through various methods (multiplier of medical bills, per-diem, or a more nuanced approach in negotiation or trial).
In most Missouri PI cases, both categories combine into one settlement figure. Illinois sometimes itemizes them separately at trial. A few states cap non-economic damages; Missouri does in medical malpractice cases, Illinois does not for most personal injury.